Showing posts with label Eastern Europe. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Eastern Europe. Show all posts

Friday, February 10, 2012

Despre economia Romaniei (si nu numai). Fragmente dintr-un interviu nepublicat


Cat de “negru” considerati ca va fi 2012 din punct de vedere economico/financiar si cum ar putea fi afectata Romania?

Nu avem, din nefericire, motive sa jubilam. Pe fondul deteriorarii perspectivei economice in general, si datorita crizei din zona euro in particular, 2012 va fi incert si pentru Romania.  Dupa cum stim la ora asta, toate agentiile globale au revizuit in scadere previziunile privind evolutia economiilor europene, din eurozona si din afara ei, incluzand aici FMI, Banca Mondiala, BERD etc. Fara sa dau prea multe detalii asupra a ceea ce puteti gasi practic in toate aceste rapoarte, fac o scurta trecere in revista a catorva dintre aspectele economice care ar putea fi direct afectate in Romania (NB: discutii mai specifice despre unele aspecte sunt prezente si in alte parti din acest interviu):
-       exporturile; criza eurozonei ar putea afecta cei mai importanti parteneri comerciali ai Romaniei (peste 70% din comertul exterior—ca volum exporturi plus importuri—este cu statele UE, in particular Italia, Germania si Franta), reducand substantial perspectiva exporturilor romanesti, unde nu stateam pe roze nici pana acum (deficitul comercial in Octombrie 2011 era de 747 milioane de euro, de unde am “revenit” de la mai rau)
-       accesul la credite; exista posibilitatea ca bancile straine (care detin 80% din activele bancare din Romania) sa isi reduca critic expunerea pe pietele emergente din centrul si estul Europei pe fondul crizei din eurozona (o restrangere substantiala a creditarii s-a facut deja in trimestrul trei al 2011).
-       riscul financiar; tot prin relatiile financiar-bancare importante cu banci expuse crizei euro-zonei, varianta (“spread”-ul) CDS-urilor ar putea sa creasca si mai mult (in cazul Romaniei s-a marit deja cu peste dublul mediei caracteristice economiilor emergente), implicand incertitudine mult marita pe piata financiara
Catalizat de impactul asupra dimensiunilor economice de mai sus, se pot anticipa si consecinte negative indirecte, de exemplu nevoia de noi masuri de austeritate bugetara, avand in vedere ca avem deja  imprumuturi foarte mari (transa recenta de 5 bilioane de euro de la FMI adaugandu-se imprumutului de 27 bilioane garantat de FMI si UE in 2009) si nivelul deficitului bugetar maxim e fixat, conform acordurilor cu creditorii; inrautatirea indicatorilor pietei muncii (lipsa noilor locuri de munca, somaj in crestere, salarii inghetate, ajutoare sociale anulate s.a.m.d); reducerea bugetelor alocate educatiei si cercetarii, unde suntem mult sub tintele propuse si incredibil de mult sub cele optime s.a.m.d. Cert este ca va fi nevoie de eforturi mari pentru a sustine o crestere economica pozitiva in viitorul apropiat. Discut in finalul acestui interviu despre masuri implementabile in viitorul apropiat care ar putea ameliora aceasta perspectiva economica.


 [...]


Am vazut ca sunteti la curent cu ceea ce se intampla in Romania (am vazut pe blog ca ati postat un editorial a lui Tapalaga).  Care ar putea fi cateva masuri pentru evitarea unei recesiuni in Romania (asa cum multi se astepta pentru 2012)?

In lipsa spatiului, ma voi limita doar la doua categorii principale (plus cateva subcategorii) de masuri pe care le consider importante pentru viitorul apropiat.

-       Guvern de tehnocrati si implicare mult mai mare a electoratului (legislativului). In momentul in care ar fi nevoie de ei mai mult ca niciodata, echipa guvernamentala nu are un singur economist credibil. In plus, alegatorii nu sunt implicati deloc in decizii economice care ii afecteaza imediat. Sa facem o paralela intre doua democratii-- in teorie ambele functionale. In SUA, Presedintele isi ia foarte in serios rolul de se consulta (in practica, de a urma recomandarile)  pe orice tema economica cu echipa sa de consilierii economici (“Council of Economic Advisers”, i.e. CEA) si de convinge publicul/legislativul asupra necesitatii unor masuri recomandate de acestia; pozitia este perfect descrisa de citatul “spuneti-mi ce e corect, si ma voi gandi cum sa vand asta cel mai bine” (conversatie publicata intr-un memoriu CEA, intre Presedintele Obama si Christina Romer, fosta sefa a CEA). In Romania, politicile economice se decid in aparenta fara consultarea expertilor si se implementeaza fara implicarea alegatorilor (alternativ, a reprezentatilor acestora in Parlament), prin “asumarea raspunderii” Guvernului; pozitia Executivului (si a Presedintiei) aduce deci mai mult cu “nu va bateti capul, stim noi bine ce facem[1].

-       Incetarea reducerii cheltuielilor bugetare si axarea pe reforme structurale pentru crestere durabila pe termen lung, in (cvasi)recesiuni. Multe din masurile de consolidare fiscala de pana acum, chiar si cele justificabile pe termen mediu si lung, au fost implementate prea brusc, la momentul inoportun. Reducerea cheltuielilor bugetare in perioade de recesiune curenta sau anticipata este controversata: nu exista o minoritate consistenta de economisti care sa le recomande fara rezerve. Desi nu avem un model teoretic cu previziuni precise, cele mai robuste rezultate empirice arata ca austeritatea in episoade de recesiune a fost urmata de episoade de prelungire, sau chiar agravare a recesiunii. In lipsa unor concluzii decisive in privinta cauzalitatii, avem suficiente motive sa anticipam efecte negative; ori cand vorbim de politici economice, bunastarea cetatenilor este obiectivul prioritar. Accentul trebuie pus pe reforme structurale de relansare economica, care sa induca o crestere economica durabila. Foarte succint, exemple de asemenea masuri necesare in Romania ar fi (pe langa masurile neimplementate de mai jos, unele au fost implementate doar superficial/partial si trebuie continuate/intensificate; in alte cazuri unele reforme s-au implementat exact pe dos, vezi de exemplu reducerea unor cheltuieli de finantare a cercetarii ca parte a pachetului de masuri de austeritate etc.):

o    Reforme ale pietei muncii. In contextul Romaniei, masurile pe partea cererii fortei de munca sunt in prezent prioritare, intre ele stimularea crearii de noi locuri de munca. Pe de alta parte masuri de stimulare a participarii in forta de munca ar trebui sa ramana in agenda tot timpul (superficial unele au fost implementate; de remarcat insa aici ca masuri gen reducerea ajutoarelor de somaj in perioade de recesiune, cand factual problema e lipsa locurilor de munca, dovedesc orice altceva decat competenta si responsabilitate sociala).
o    Reforme de privatizare. Privatizarea marilor companii de stat a fost de mult discutata, mult promisa, dar inca neefectuata; costurile intarzierilor sunt uriase. Privatizarea sistemului medical (NB facuta inteligent: copierea sistemului olandez sau elvetian “dupa ureche” nu e o solutie) este un alt exercitiu care trebuie finalizat etc.
o  Reforme de incurajare a antreprenoriatului. Masuri din aceasta categorie includ exemple gen stimularea prin deduceri de taxe in primii ani de activitate antreprenoriala, reducerea birocratiei necesare deschiderii unei afaceri proprii (in iunie 2011 eram pe locul 63 in lume din punct de vedere a cat de usor este sa devii antreprenor si pe locul 72 in clasificarea a cat de usor este sa functionezi ca antreprenor; cred ca se poate mai bine)
o    Reforme pentru R&D. Include cresterea investitiei in activitatile de cercetare si dezvoltare (R&D), si, implicit, in adaptarea si sustinerea invatamantului pentru a produce capitalul uman necesar acestor activitati.
o    Masuri de stimulare a investitiilor private din strainatate. Atragerea de capital privat este in prezent esentiala pentru Romania. Alternative existente pentru investitii (publice si/sau private) precum fondurile europene structurale si de coeziune (chiar la o rata de absorbtie de multe ori mai mare decat cea de pana acum) sau genul de parteneriate public-privat in derulare nu sunt suficiente sau neaparat sustenabile.


Puteti citi intreg documentul (10 intrebari + raspunsuri) in format PDF aici


[1] Citatul e imaginar, insa din categoria celor reale oferite de Executiv, si mai ales de Presedintie. Un exemplu elocvent din discursul recent  al domnului Basescu la investirea noului guvern: “Nu pot cere unui popor sa inteleaga prompt ce trebuie sa faca un guvern pentru ca tara sa nu se prabuseasca”.

Thursday, February 03, 2011

The quest for good old kiełbasa in the Big Apple


We ventured out to the Polish neighborhood yesterday. Nothing as compared to Chicago, but nonetheless good sausages. But after five minutes we went to the wrong direction, and ended up in a derelict, post-industrial nightmare instead of lively Polish ladies selling imported toilet paper. 
-Daniel, venturesome lover of all things Polish-

Monday, January 17, 2011

Econlinks: On crises. And opportunities

Saturday, December 04, 2010

Flawless: Kseniya

I have not seen anything more dramatic and powerful than this in the modern art world perhaps since Pink Floyd's The Wall movie. This is a work of perfection, there is no single detail left to chance; for instance, obviously it could have only ended apocalyptically-- on Apocalyptica's version of Nothing Else Matters.

After this, what is left for us to write? I bow in front of the real talent.




Tuesday, February 02, 2010

Albert Einstein Bizottság: Szerelem

I don't think it has occured to any of you that simulated maximum likelihood OX programs, which often take days to converge (given I do not--yet!-- have the parallel computing power I would love to possess...), run much faster if in the meantime one listens to Albert Einstein Committee's brilliant music. Without any doubt, this is the best ever Hungarian band (where I 200% agree with the master of all good Hungarian music, wisest Daniel); and-- as conjecture-- probably the best Eastern-Central European band of the 80's (this should be as clear as-- to switch areas for a second-- the best movie of the same time, same region, being the Polish film "Seksmisja"; unfortunately no time to go in that direction today). Had they sung also in English, they could have been as popular as, dare I say, the Beatles (ok, I said it), two decades earlier; in any case, a band with a similar fate (extremely popular among domestic intelligentsia, but without too much exposure outside, mainly because of the language barrier) , about the same period, but in Western Europe, is for instance the Dutch band Doe Maar. In Romania, the closest to A.E. Bizottság is probably Timpuri Noi (though their top work came out in mid/late 90's).

A subset of my favourite A.E. Bizottság pieces: "Szerelem" (perfect; if you make an effort to understand the lyrics, you will fully agree); "Kamikaze"; "Már megint ez a depresszió "; "Konyhagyeplő" ; "Putty Putty"; "Egy lány kéne nékem" (oh well, I see this one comes with a striptease session in the youtube clip; depending on your tastes/orientation that might be a plus or a minus :-)); finally (update) listen to/see this if you want the total fun part. You will enjoy all of it!


PS. Check out some other excellent/interesting Hungarian music I mentioned earlier on this blog: here, here, here, here, or here. Blame YouTube if clips are not available any longer (though, tip: you can still find them, if you search carefully, under different links).

Sunday, December 06, 2009

Sunday night econlinks

  • I am very curious how big this can/will get. After all, a whole Nobel might be at stake (I confess: I never really liked Gore, on any dimension; I still think he is submediocre or worse; however, I thought/still think that some of the climate guys/gals who won within the IPCC were more than decent...). This is not so much about scepticism (of any kind/degree), but first and foremost about scientific honesty. Seemingly a very rare quality today.
  • The current world chess champ was in Romania some days ago, but nobody within the national mass media seems to have noticed. Of course not, they are all busy with one of the most pathetic presidential elections ever; they always manage to keep themselves busy with the least important things.
  • The battle of the IT giants takes every possible form. In case you're wondering whom I am putting my money on, here's something to help you; these guys seem to know what's important for tomorrow: a small step in that direction with a (preliminary version of) automatic captioning for YouTube .

  • Only reinforces one point Easterly (and a minority of others) has been stressing all the time; this is how development should be done: help them to help themselves.

Sunday, September 27, 2009

Tallinn highlights. And the egoists.

  • Architecture-wise, the Old Town is a combination of Brasov+ Cluj + Sighisoara centres (Transylvanian cities), including a mirror image of the Taylor's Bastion from Cluj (despite my guide's insistence that Tallinn is the only city with a Bastion in its very centre). Much better preserved, though. In a nutshell, a most modern medieval town. Plus a seaside. Lovely, lovely (we wouldn't want it off the UNESCO World Heritage list, oh no)!

  • Free wireless everywhere in the city. No kidding. I think it was in a single spot in the Old Town where my Ipod could not trace any free network. Admirable!

  • Power to the youth: Estonian newspapers are being sold by kids; the Government minister who addressed the EALE '09 audience was in his early thirties (possibly reason why he apologised a zillion times for having to leave as soon as done with his talk...); a/the Central Bank governor (gave the shortest and smartest address I have ever heard from EALE organizers/hosts/sponsors... ) was in his early forties etc. Something other countries in Eastern Europe should learn from?...

  • Egoist was absolutely fantastic. And, well... egoistic... from all points of view (ex post non-egoistic complaints/regrets/remorses from real Swedes and Taiwanese were obviously ignored :-)...). Anyhow, the Foie Gras Escoffier was the second best I ever had, while the Estonian Elk Noisette paired with a 2006 Clos des Papes Châteauneuf-de-Pape (which some believe to outrank even the legendary 2005 version!) was sheer perfection. A total bargain at that price!

PS. And yeah..., there've been already two weeks since I am back: had to fight off a stubborn Estonian flu acquired under the most unclear circumstances.

Sunday, May 17, 2009

Sunday night econlinks

  • "A neat project would be to infer the extent of school spirit from the estimate of the price elasticity implied by the prices that different university cemeteries charge"-- very much so, indeed-- though looks only applicable/relevant for a few places in the USA (most likely unrepresentative even of the USA entire university universe, not to even mention Europe or others). Nevertheless, very selective sample aside, this is an interesting idea: read Dan Hamermesh's entire post on Freakonomics.

Tuesday, March 03, 2009

Tánc a hóban

Aside (several) superlative classical and jazz concerts I have recently attended in Amsterdam and London (might come back with an overview later on), this one masterpiece by the Hungarian band Ghymes (official, wiki) is something I am literally obsessed with, lately. In particular, it is one of those pieces that would/should! be an instantaneous international success (at least among the connoisseurs), should someone manage a suitable English translation of the lyrics-- which is, tragically, almost always impossible. If you look for a perfect folk-urban fusion (my attempt to a catch-all term, though this folk-urban fusion is highly different than this one, with Eastern Europe as a whole pioneering/developing/enriching the genre nonetheless :-)), look no further. YouTube comes to help again: you can listen to the (full) version of "Tánc a hóban" from the very interesting/highly recommended "Rege" album, and I've also found part of it performed live by Szarka Tamás and the rest of the band. If you're interested, the lyrics of the song, plus some Italian (great!) and English (very approximative...) mot-à-mot translations, can be found here. The last two verses, in absolute harmony with the instrumental background, are nothing less than briliant. Enough reason to learn some Hungarian? :-).

[...]
Jobbra lassan, balra lassan,
Ritmus halkan, ring a hajban,
Újra kavarog a -
Végre csikorog a -
Mégis mosolyog a -
Napra hunyorog a -


Tánc a ködben, tánc a jégen,
Tánc a hóban, tánc a fagyban,
Tánc a ködben, tánc a jégen,
Tánc a hóban, tánc a fagyban,
Tánc a ködben, tánc a jégen,
Tánc a hóban, tánc a fagyban.
Tánc.

Sunday, February 08, 2009

Unza Unza Time!

No matter what fans of the old Zabranjeno Pušenje think of their rather recent facelift, i.e. the Kusturica & No Smoking Orchestra, I simply love their music (inter alia, they created the soundtrack for "Crna macka, beli macor", one of my all time favourite movies). So here's "Unza unza time" (with an absolutely great youtube videoclip, à la Kusturica) for a perfect start of the week. All together now, accompanying Dr. Nele Karajlić :-)


In the beginning at the boring time
back in 1999
The man killed the line
between punishment and crime

On the planet Earth
there was no more fun
no sex no drugs no rock'n'roll
All music turned to a fashion show

White man had British pop
and black man had soul
No, not a drop of blood
'cause video killed the rock'n'roll

And God said "Oh my God!"
what's happened to the human being
What's happened to my lovely creatures
they all became a cold machine
No more love no more power
machine without gasoline
Wake up wake up crowd
wake up from your boring dream

There is lighting
there is thunder
What's up with you I wonder
Lift your shoulders
stamp your feet
produce the extra protein
I'm gonna hit you hit you hit you hit you...
hit you with my rythm stick
So let there be... light
let there be... sound
let there be a music divine
'Cause it's Unza Unza Unza Unza time...



PS. For whatever reason (you tell me why...), this song reminds me of the Hungarian band Quimby's "The Ballad of Jerry".

Tuesday, January 27, 2009

(Many) Econlinks

  • Brief but pertinent thoughts of Ricardo Caballero on the (real) causes and solutions to the current financial crisis.

  • Bill Easterly (and colleagues) have just started a very promising blog, Aid Watch. And talking about Development Economics, check out a very flattering portrait of one of its (if not the) young stars.

  • Dan Hamermesh ask the $64000 question: who changes the kissing rules? NB: having lived for quite a while in The Netherlands (and there again for two months, in a week!), I count myself one of the non-Dutch experts in three-cheek kissing :-).

  • Not sure I immediately agree with Alex Tabarrok; some people believe the Nobel in Economics should be given only every 4 years... The John Bates Clark medal was fine somewhere in between, every two years. Will the Yrjö Jahnsson- EEA award also change to annual rather than biennial frequency?...

  • I've only found out about this recently, via Tyler Cowen on MR. It should answer many of Jim Heckman's detractors. Obviously, as a student of Jim Heckman in that Oxford summer course of 2005 that he mentions (organized by David Hendry and Bent Nielsen, at Nuffield College), I could be biased (inter alia, that course was one of the best short courses I ever took; moreover, I guess I also publicly declared that I am a Heckman fan-- in Romanian). But in any case I think the material Heckman posted on his site for everybody's perusal ought to be clarifying enough, for everybody...

  • Ranking The Beatles' songs (again via the cool guys at MR, who else?). This looks (at least goal-wise) a similar endeavour to the project (also very controversial... and heavily criticized...) of David Galenson, mentioned a while ago on this blog. Would just add that I definitely agree with number 1 being Number 1 in this Beatles song top, ie. the beyond-brilliant "A Day in the Life", but I would also clearly place "Strawberry Fields Forever" second... and I would further interchange quite a few positions in top 30... and quite a lot of positions further down... So much for the "consensus of taste" :-).

Tuesday, January 15, 2008

Romania gets a B for its flag. Think anthems, next...

With too much indulgence, I'd say. For one, lack of originality (compare us to Greece, same grade!) should not be rewarded... The full rankings are here (alphabetical order here). For the grading criteria see here (and feel free to disagree, of course...). I do love this bit in the 'methodology' though, subpart of the author's rule number 3-- no tricolours (unless we're Europeans, since then we obviously deserve special favours) :

"Eastern Europe is also a bad case. Many of the states there had a chance to change their flags when they were all busy seceding from each other, and the best they could do was go back to these horrible tricolours."

Though I will emphasize that I totally disagree with the way he closes the above paragraph:
"Probably the reason their neighbours annexed them in the first place was that they couldn't stand to see such vomitous colours just over the border in Armenia, Lithuania, or Bulgaria. "

Hmm, hmm... I wonder whether this fellow feels too safe down there in NZ; I wouldn't want to meet any serious yoghurt drinker if I were him :-).


HT to Tyler Cowen on MR.



PS. You should know what I am waiting for, next: a ranking of national anthems (though more professional, please...). I honestly don't think we'd be that lucky in there. And I suggest we deeply think about that before we get graded :-). I even have a first (serious!) proposal as an alternative (if this wouldn't make us original, nothing else would). Wouldn't you prefer that over this? That's what I thought. Anyway, let us come back to this issue in a future post. But comment away already, should you feel inspired!

Sunday, December 30, 2007

Mioritic achievements of bad renown. And their primary causes.

No one, it turns out, does Internet auction fraud like the Romanians. [...]
when it comes to online auctions, particularly for big-ticket items such as cars that can yield $5,000 a scam, Romanians own the game. Romanian police estimate that cyber-crime is now a multimillion-dollar national industry, as important to organized criminals here as drug smuggling or human trafficking. [...]
The Internet Crime Complaint Center, a partnership between the FBI and the National White Collar Crime Center, ranks Romania fifth in its table of naughty nations. But most experts agree that doesn't give Romanian criminals their due. Much of the cash being made on auction fraud reported as originating in the U.S., Canada, Britain, Spain or Italy is actually being picked up in those countries by Romanian money mules. An EBay fraud ring busted last year in Chicago, for example, has been traced to Pitesti, Romania. [...]
EBay, which doesn't even operate a site in Romania, won't talk dollar figures but acknowledges that the country is the No. 1 source of "professional fraud." On a November 2006 visit to the Romanian capital, Bucharest, FBI Director Robert Mueller said the vast majority of Internet fraud committed on "one prominent U.S. online auction website is connected to Romania or Romanians."



Read more here.

All well said, except this part that simply doesn't fit at all the story or the point or anything, though it raises a far more important issue. Here's the nonsense: "The respect for math is inside every family, even simple families, who are very proud to say their children are good at mathematics," said Radu Gologan, a senior research scientist at the Institute of Mathematics in downtown Bucharest." This is a myth that some Romanians still believe in (including, surprinsingly, the 'insider' interviewed above). Unfortunately, recent data reveals the very sad, but expected, truth (link in Romanian)... It is primarily the LACK of mathematics, logic, of good education/good job opportunities/ good preparation for (economic & social) life in general etc., in Romania, that determines such criminal behaviour as mentioned above, and not their (overwhelming- LOL!) presence (or respect for them and all the rest of the blahblah). But some still need to wake up. Including (or better: especially) those that are part of the Romanian education system.

Saturday, May 19, 2007

Politica fara tromf si... parerile fara suport

Tare ma tem ca Sorin Matei iarasi se leaga de lucruri unde nu are in mod necesar toate competentele. Articolul acesta din Adevarul (cu preview si pe pagini.com) are si parti bune (da, un eventual Basescu reloaded ar trebui, in sfarsit, sa-si in serios rolul de Presedinte si sa inceteze sa fie un bufon...desi incep sa ma indoiesc ca are abilitatea necesara si deci ca ar fi doar o chestiune de vointa), chit ca ar putea prezenta o analiza mai obiectiva si pasaje care il plaseaza in seria articolelor deloc impartiale ar putea fi eliminate... Dar, sa ajungem si la marea dilema: sa fie desfiintata Curtea Constitutionala? Si pe ce baza? Trias politica in SUA, prin sistemul lor original de checks and balances, functioneaza complet diferit, iar in acel context nu e neaparat nevoie de o institutie separata pentru evaluarea neconstitutionalitatii anumitor propuneri legislative: in practica, curtile de apel americane au rolul de a implementa judicial review-ul constitutional (evaluarea constitutionalitatii legii respective) in SUA, Curtea Suprema avand intaietate doar in cazuri foarte particulare sau preluand cazul dupa epuizarea tuturor posibilitarilor la nivel de curti de apel. Dar de cand si pana cand avem noi un sistem asemanator cu cel al Statelor Unite si cine s-ar gandi sa implementeze asta in Romania, at all (deocamdata nu vreau sa cred ca Sorin doreste pur si simplu sa importe orice i se pare 'catchy' institutional arrangement in SUA, fara sa se gandeasca ca mare parte din aceste lucruri nu sunt importabile...cel putin nu in viitorul apropiat)? In majoritatea Europei (de Est si de Vest, de Sud si de Nord...) Curtea Constitutionala are un rol foarte bine definit - exceptia notorie fiind Marea Britanie (atentie insa, distinctia din cazul de fata nu e aceeasi cu distinctia dintre "common law systems" si "civil law systems", desi sunt anumite intersectii etc, nu mai intru in detalii) unde redundanta unei asemenea instante e evidenta, dat fiind ca Marea Britanie functioneaza sub principiul suveranitatii parlamentare, deci neavand asa-numita institutie a 'legii supreme'- caveat lector insa, fiind tara membra a Uniunii Europene, de facto legile UK sunt totusi supuse unui control 'constitutional' prin intermediul curtilor Uniunii Europene.

De ce "un caine fara dinti"? Poate Sorin sa nu stie (dar ne-informarea a priori incepe sa nu ma mai mire...), dar Curtea Constitutionala e investita cu o serie de atributii extrem de necesare si faptul ca nu le-a exercitat pana acum nu are cum sa fie un motiv pentru desfiintarea ei. Dimpotriva, eu as intari rolul curtii existente (deci, atentie, o curte constitutionala care sa se ocupe exclusiv de protejarea cadrului constitutional), astfel incat sa nu aiba neaparat nevoie de "cooperarea" cu alte entitati politice in decizii cruciale, deci m-as indeparta de modelul Frantei aici (model pe care Romania l-a urmarit indeaproape de cand lumea, inclusiv prin copierea succesiva a Constitutiilor franceze...) Intr-adevar un simplu aviz avand caracter consultativ al Curtii Constitutionale nu e suficient (chiar si in Franta, din cate stiu, curtea, sau mai bine zis, consiliul constitutional francez, poate decide doar inainte de ratificarea legii, dar am impresia ca nu e vorba doar de un aviz consultativ...). Dar ar trebui sa ne inspiram din cadrul institutional din Germania- si din alte state cu institutii asemanatoare ale Europei continentale; in particular, Curtea Constitutionala Federala din Germania e investita cu puteri serioase in a decide constitutionalitatea oricarui act legislativ in baza Grundgesetz (inter alia, aceasta instutie functioneaza complet separat de restul aparatului judiciar german...), dar atentie, are si creditul necesar unei asemenea pozitii. Eu zic ca ea ar trebui sa fie exemplu pentru Curtea Constitutionala din Romania. Oricum ar fi, insa, sa continui in spiritul analogiei lui Sorin, ceea ce ne dorim la urma urmei e un caine de rasa, disciplinat si inteligent; prefer asta atat celui "fara dinti", dar si celui 'cu dinti', insa incontrolabil si imprevizibil :-).

A propos, pentru ca intuiesc unde ar bate eventualele prime comentarii, ideea de a desfiinta prezenta Curte Constitutionala din Romania si a institui in locul ei o singura curte suprema, "cu puteri reale" nu prea tine, exemplul Curtii Supreme din SUA nefiind deloc elocvent (nu cunosc suficiente detalii despre functionarea Inaltei Curti de Casatie si Justitie din perioada antebelica, dar e clar ca in prezent ai ajunge la situatia americana unde review-ul constitutional ar fi delegat instantelor inferioare- strategic e evident de ce acest lucru e necesar), ba chiar functionand drept contra-exemplu, if anything. Din nou (si ad infinitum, daca e necesar :-)): Curtea Suprema din SUA nu poate 'prelua' direct vreo lege pentru evaluarea constitutionalitatii acesteia pana in momentul in care instantele inferioare din context, "curtile de apel" aici nu s-au pronuntat, dar pe langa asta, si esential aici, chiar si atunci cand ar ajunge cazul vis-a-vis constitutionalitate la ultima instanta- sau daca Supreme Court-ul ar avea 'original jurisdiction' de la bun inceput- tot e nevoie de cooperarea Congresului si a Casei Prezidentiale (desi asta nu e toata istoria: o discutie mai tehnica ar distinge intre deciziile de "unconstitutional law" si respectiv "non-enforceable law", pe care unele instante de review constitutional le pratica). All in all, cred ca Sorin se invarte in jurul cozii si de fapt ce propune el aici e sau utopic sau ineficient.

Anwyays, pentru ca nu am mai mult timp, dau un link catre o scurta nota (in engleza) pe marginea relevantei Curtii Constitutionale in Europa de Est pe care am scris-o cu mult timp in urma, in '99, pentru un curs de drept (Legal Theory) la Utrecht (evidemment, unele pasaje de acolo sunt prezentate intr-un format mult mai naiv decat as face-o acum, iar abilitatile mele in folosirea limbii engleze in contexte mai academice erau inca foarte limitate...). Gasesc ca multe lucruri de acolo sunt extrem de relevante si acum (desi evident din '99 s-au si schimbat unele). Si poate mai afla unii si altii si despre instante in care Curtea Constitutionala si-a folosit puterile si de ce asta a contat si va conta si nu e cazul sa o luam razna complet cu parerile, analizele, sugestiile...

Thursday, March 15, 2007

Economic debate on the role of democracy for economic growth and on the role of human capital for democracy

... hosted by the Wall Street Journal. The two debaters are established stars of the Economics academe, despite being relatively young still, Daron Acemoglu and respectively, Edward Glaeser (by the way, I bet on Ed Glaeser winning this edition's (2007) John Bates Clark Medal- it is also his last chance, given the rules regarding the age of the recipient; Daron Acemoglu was the latest winner, two years ago). There are also plenty of references in the WSJ text, for those who want to read more about the topic(s).

As for the main disagreement ("healthy disagreement" though, as Daron Acemoglu calls it) of this debate, I agree with Acemoglu in that it is not "low education", per se, that impedes the birth of democracies but rather "deep social and economic divides that create intense conflicts" (that is rather vague as well, but a good catchall term). However, what was not at all discussed in here, and where Ed Glaeser might have a point, is what kind of education are we really talking about. There is a lot to discuss here of course, but just shortly, to motivate the idea launched above, think about Europe's postcommunist countries (I am focusing on what I know best, Romania, but the situation is very similar in the other former European communist states). The education there was both broad and deep, but only on the very abstract, highly theoretical disciplines (guess what, all of us always excelled in Maths, for instance), or only on this side of all disciplines- and the situation did not significantly change for many years after, since the system had already roots, tradition.... When you have no clue about why you learn what you learn -and you should have no clue- it is pretty likely that you will not be able to contribute to any "higher goals". Hence, very high level, very sophisticated, education, but missing the "liberal arts" approach, to try a catch-all term, under a dictatorship, say, will not necessarily bring democracy. Au contraire, this education, combined with "ideology training" and the like, worked against democracy. Witness the many years in which communist dictatorships all over Eastern and Central Europe resisted- it certainly wasn't a sudden increase in the already "high" education level that brought them down, finally (no correlation between the changes in education levels and the changes in democracy levels, as Acemoglu rightly puts it). Of course this was an oversimplication, there are many factors at play there, but what I meant to bring to the discussion is really the fact that 'education', if we just take it as a whole, can make you a very technical, competent, person, an expert, a specialist, but it might not raise your "awareness" (by the way, this immediately makes a connection, although it is not direcly related, to "Je suis aware", the funny videoclip of Jean Claude Van Damme - for French speakers only!- oh, well, he isn't necessarily the best to teach us about high level education, but we must admit he does a pretty good job here, in teaching us about awareness, which I believe to be equally, if not even more, important). If we talk about the "other side" of education, "nurturing the awareness" (and provided everybody has equal opportunities for education, here we talk again about social and economic inequalities- empirically the spread, the variance in the education levels, rather than its mean- otherwise- again, oversimplification), Glaeser cannot be wrong.

The link to the Glaeser vs. Acemoglu piece is from Greg Mankiw.

Wednesday, February 14, 2007

Our Bulgarian neighbours and their bus stations or How to make buses popular again, as transport means? :-)

'We wanted to give the passengers something to take their minds off the cold and to pass the time while waiting for a bus". Only 'soft' porn (duh...), but I guess it'd warm them up a bit anyway: Bulgarian invention. I would not worry a bit on 'moral' grounds (absolute nonsense), but probably it should come with a curfew for children (or individuals below a certain age- I will not get into a debate about what that age should be)- and I am very curious whether any of our southern neighbours has actually thought of how on Earth to enforce such a thing.

Monday, February 05, 2007

Remodeling Europe's churches (with a focus on Transylvania's old 'fortress churches')

This is a very, very interesting article from Newsweek International about the status of old churches throughout all of Europe (with pros and cons to maintaining or converting them etc). Inter alia, they do not forget mentioning Paradiso, one of the most famous clubs in Amsterdam (and certainly one of my favourites), obtained by transforming an old church.

When analysing the situation of the old churches in Eastern Europe, the authors also mention the problems of maintaining Transylvania's grand "fortress churches". Indeed, rather than building a bunch of new crap churches everywhere in the big cities of Romania, churches that appear like mushrooms after rain, really (see also Claudiu's post, in Romanian, about the churches that invaded my own neighborhood, in Cluj Napoca), one should take care of the old great churches and see that such marvels of architecture are not lost (converting them in musea is something I would not see a very bad idea at all: this is not so much about religion as about preserving history and architecture, Transylvanian identity, if you want). The corresponding fragment from the article reads:
Ebbing faith is not the only reason for the abundance of disused churches. The atheist communist regimes of the 20th century, war and demographic shifts have all played a part. Take Transylvania's grand "fortress churches," which once served the region's large German-speaking community, descendants of settlers from the west who came to Romania in medieval times. Mass emigration since the 1970s has reduced the population to just a few thousand, and Gypsies have often repopulated the deserted villages. "The new residents just don't have the financial capacity or the emotional need to look after these churches," says Csilla Hegedus of the Transylvania Trust, which is seeking to preserve the buildings. The government's not much help. "The Ministry of Culture gives us what it can, but in countries emerging from the poverty of communism, it's difficult for them to give all that's necessary," says Hegedus.

Sunday, January 14, 2007

Romania and team building

In The Economist's print edition of the 6th - 12th of Jan, a very interesting article notices the official entry of Romania and Bulgaria, "the new kids on the block", in the European Union.

The article's one line argument is- rightly- that both countries are "economically and politically backward" and that the "Balkan pair's road to EU prosperity and stability" will be very hard. There are however important differences between the two countries: "although united by weak institutions and their poverty, Bulgaria and Romania differ in size, history, politics and economic structure (a recent BBC article showed that they do not differ massively in media entertainment- the competition there is in the details and both countries are emulating the fashion set years ago by others- I guess there we're both in the 'Balcanic' category here: not that I am very comfortable with it...). Now, The Economist seems to slighly favour, overall, Romania, and to give it relatively more chances of success (all this, unfortunately, seems to be largely proxied by surprisingly too much credit given to Romania's current political class- probably from outside it looks much rosier...), but arriving here was not exactly my purpose. Rather, what I find more interesting in this Economist piece, is one short paragraph that reads as follows:


Managers with experience in both countries say that Romanians are more individualistic than Bulgarians. "In Romania the problem is getting them to work in a team. In Bulgaria the problem is getting them to show any initiative"[...].

Truth be told, nobody can describe better the economic reality and, in particular, the quality of the local workforce, than managers who have de facto experience in those particular places, that is Romania and Bulgaria in our case (and foremost among them, the multinationals present in both countries). Hence I'd label this as the one piece of more 'objective', clear-cut, evidence in the article. For me the Bulgarian 'passivity' sounds new (from the quote above it is also not clear whether they are very good at team building, hence that they would somehow complement us), but I am not surprised at all by the lack of ability (or willingness) assigned to the Romanians inasmuch as working in teams is concerned. Unfortunately this feature permeates every activity, far beyond team building in industry for instance, it actually impedes cooperation in (would-be) most productive and desirable endeavours. It has a particularly negative connotation when it is about collaboration in the highest circles, among the elite. I once wrote a short opinion, in Romanian, that was precisely making this point, how important it is for the Romanian elites to actually get together, to participate in joint projects, for every significant achievement (if one truly wants to rise from mediocrity, that is- if the goals are different, then this post is useless) cannot be but the result of joint effort and cooperation (paraphrasing Graham Bell). It looks like one cannot stress that enough and now the foreigners also draw your (our) attention to it. The advice is still for free at the moment but I have the feeling we will not realize how important this is before we'll end up paying dearly for it...

Sunday, December 31, 2006

BBC on Romanian and Bulgarian (media) culture

My friend Frédèric, EU member for a longtime now :-)- but with cosmopolitan views and interests- is pointing out to me a very recent BBC article on the media culture of the two new EU members (officially, in a few hours now).

The BBC article starts by shortly describing 'popular' Bulgarian and respectively Romanian music, hence a (indirect) link with my previous posts about Diskoteka Boom and Magyarorszag. Instead of the 30 seconds clips linked via the article, I link here the full YouTube clips -and much more than those (once again, I think YouTube is the internet innovation of 2006!). Thus:
  • Azis with 'Kato Skitnica' and Rumaneca & Enchev with 'Shatrata' for our Bulgarian neighbours (Azis has a clear comparative advantage over all our songs inspired by (a) the Turkish-Arab leitmotiv (chalga, here, as Bulgarian version)- and he is far from being the only one- so much for our Adi Wunderkind de Vito, Guta & the rest; Rumaneca and Enchev are a mistake in there, but that is a matter of de gustibus and I am not going to fight over yoghurt brands with my Bulgarian friends...plus, they are still much much better than our 'manelists' :-) ). Other Bulgarian artists mentioned: Mariana Popova, Grafa, Epizod (from these arbitrary clips, Epizod seems pretty interesting- the others are again 'common'- reminds me of our Phoenix, unexpectedly missing from the Romanian artists mentioned in the sequel).
  • Cleopatra Stratan with 'Ghita' and Holograf with 'Asa frumoasa' as the 'Romanian representatives' ('runners-up' mentioned as well in the article are Voltaj, DJ Project, Akcent, Morandi, which are 'sort of okay' for such a 'popular' top; there is however far too much credit- who on Earth was the Romanian source of Osborn?!- given to Marius Moga, aka the 'Little Mozart' -LOL!). Moreover, Vama Veche (and many others, better than most those mentioned) are surprinsingly omitted.
Overall: For my Romanian part, it could have been much worse (nevertheless, it would be wonderful if BBC's 'popularity' criteria would not be farfetched and thus the top would indeed remain devoid of 'manele'!). Cleopatra is a phenomenon, but I would have liked her father, Pavel Stratan, in the top , she's still got a lot of time to reach true fame... Also, personally I am not such a great fan of Holograf, but this piece above is not so bad. All in all, I think we're breaking even with the Bulgarians at the 'pop' music chapter (well, as seen/heard by the BBC...).

But unfortunately we can't party as yet: we lose badly in terms of the TV programmes given as representative, in the remainder of the BBC article on media culture (fortunately our EU friends who do not understand Romanian will never be fully exposed to such nonsense, brain-washing, shows as 'Iarta-ma' & the like...).

Thursday, December 08, 2005

Status of Ethnic Minorities in Romania: Past, Present, Future

With this imposing title I tried a few years ago to impress my professors for one of the best courses in Political Sciences taken while a student at University College Utrecht. Needless to say, I also succeded in that (the teachers simply liked me too much), though, if I look now back to this paper, I have the impression that I wrote it with my feet- when counting the number of mistakes etc... Anyway, I guess (some of) the ideas still hold. When you have nothing else to do and want to see a perspective on the status (should have been "status" rather than "statute" in the title but at that time I had not taken the GRE Verbal...) of the ethnic minority in Romania (particularly given the current problems in the Romanian Parliament with adopting the Minorities' Law proposed by the Hungarian Party in Romania- which only restates its relevance), download this paper. I also gave (together with some other Eastern European colleagues), linked somewhat to this theme, a short interview for NRC (in Dutch), one of the main Dutch daily newspapers, stating that Milosevic's case is not unique and that Eastern and Central Europe is always prone to be the place where such insane people raise to power and become (sometimes highly popular) leaders. These states are simply too nationalistic, it's been like that throughout the history (and history exacerbated it), Westerners can never understand this, but probably most Eastern Europeans know what I am talking about.
The "foreword" reads something like this (forgive the "style"- or rather lack of it- and the mistakes)

Day by day the influence of domestic policies on the international relations becomes more relevant. Day by day the question of integration or isolation seems to boil down to either adopting or adapting internationally recognized democratic measures within newly developing regions. Certain issues remain however stubbornly pending, despite internal or international efforts aiming for change. Strangely or not they seem to constitute ordinary life within the states at stake, albeit the attention acquired overseas. Such a case, representing one of the hottest issues in every Western political publication, is the statute of minorities in the former communist countries of Eastern Europe.

After a period of repression and authoritarian dominance of the communist forces, when no voice dissonant with the authority choir could be heard, the freedom and access to the fruits of democracy opened an enormous number of channels. In particular the ethnic minorities found themselves in the possession of exercising freely their rights, guaranteed in democratic societies. An old conflict re-entered the stage: the contrast between the claims of the various minority groups and the long time cultivated nationalistic view of the majority. Common historical features concerning territories and political dimensions of states characterize Eastern Europe. Due to either the imperial period or to the communist era, state boundaries herein were never guaranteed; splitting or adding regions to a certain country was almost common habitude. Continuously altering the structure of a nation was thus implicit. Present-day situation offers a multitude of states with minority percentages of at least 10%, usually these minorities being focused in well determined regions of the states in question.

Advocates of separation and/or autonomy on ethnical grounds are not a few. The step towards democracy has been at the same time a step towards reaffirmation of ethnical affiliations. Although not all the Eastern European states are subject to the same kind of "ethnical tension", from time to time conflicts arise in such a measure that imminent war cannot be stopped. The recent example of the Albanian community in the Serbian province Kosovo is only one of the negative consequences that an indifferent or an opposing government can lead to. It seems that the only solution to peaceful cooperation of ethnical segments would be the implementation of democratic institutions that would ensure and would seek that the rights of the minorities are
inviolable and in harmony with the rights of all the other citizens. The hereby paper will argue that in order to prevent splitting on ethnical grounds or ineluctable civil wars, governments all over Eastern Europe should be willing to make concessions. They should be willing to accept a compromise rather than persisting in anti-minority policies, whether fueled by the high nationalistic feelings of the citizens or not. Taking Romania as example, the present constitutional provisions dwelling with the statute of the minorities are a step towards peaceful resolution, but are far from being sufficient. International pressure is one decisive factor that can influence policy making with regard to minority rights. In this respect the role of the European Union is seen as a major factor. Institutional remedies guarantying the implementation of the international conventions underlying minorities as well as new institutions meant to survey development of minority rights both in relation to domestic and international policies can be solutions implemented with the aid of the "democratic Europe", the European Union.